The prospect of migrating to the US and living the American Dream is certainly attractive. However, most non-US citizens often find themselves in the middle of a tedious laundry list of the documents and permits required for immigration purposes. 

One of the most confusing aspects of American bureaucracy for non-US citizens is the process of obtaining a Social Security number (SSN). However, we’re on hand to help you understand its significance, the different types, your eligibility, and how to apply for your own SSN.

Let’s dive in and start with the basics. 

What is a Social Security Number and Why is it Important?

The Social Security number is a nine-digit number issued to US citizens, permanent residents, and temporary (working) residents. This is issued by the Social Security Administration (SSA).

Through SSN, the government can track your lifetime earnings and the number of years you’ve worked (if eligible). This allows the US government to determine the benefit payments that have to be assigned to you. 

SSN is a multi-purpose card used to obtain credit, government benefits, apply for private insurance, open a bank account, buy a home or a car, and much more. ‍

Eligibility Criteria for a Social Security Number

Every non-US citizen planning to live and work in the US with a valid visa can apply for an SSN. However, the eligibility criteria for a Social Security number can vary depending on the type of visa you are holding. Let’s dig deeper and examine the eligibility criteria for some prominent visa types. 

When Do You Need a Social Security Number?

A SSN is probably the single most important document that ensures your legality as a migrant worker. Even though the process of getting an SSN is complicated, its utility for day-to-day activities makes up for the effort. 

You can perform the following processes with the help of your Social Security number:

1. Open an account with any US financial institution;
2. Apply for a federal loan;
3. Enroll in medicare;
4. File your tax return;
5. Get a driver’s license;
6. Apply for certain types of public assistance, like disability income.
   

Note: SSN can be used in multiple other instances, too. Be sure to conduct detailed research to ensure you have all the facts. 

How to Apply for a Social Security Number

You can apply for a SSN in two ways: 

1. You can file an application in your home country when you apply for a visa with the US Department of State. 

2. You can visit a Social Security office in person. 

To initiate the process of acquiring a Social Security number, you need to fill out Form SS-5. You can opt to fill it out at the Social Security Office or you can obtain the form online, take a printout, fill it and carry it to the office. 

Along with a completed form, you will need to provide additional documents. 

Documents Required 

To be eligible for SSN you need to prove your identity, age, and work-authorized immigration status. To prove your age you require the birth certificate issued by your home country.

To prove your identity and work-authorized immigration status, you need to show your unexpired passport and your current US immigration documents, such as:

• Form  I–551: This is the form number for a green card. It is proof of a foreign national's immigration status to live and work permanently in the United States;
• Admission stamp showing a class of admission permitting work;
• Form I–94: DHS Arrival/Departure Record issued to aliens who are admitted to the US, who are adjusting their status while in the US, or extending their stay, among other things; 
• Form I–766: Employment Authorization Document. This is used to prove that you are allowed to work in the United States for a specific period. 

Foreign exchange visitors (J-1 or J-2) and international students (F-1 or M-1) have to bring additional documents to work part-time in the US.

International students must show:

• Form I-20, to prove you are legally enrolled in a program of study in the United States; 
• Certificate of Eligibility for Nonimmigrant Student Status; 
• A Designated School Official (DSO) letter.

Note: It’s mandatory to have documents that are either original or copy certified by the issuing agency. There is a very strict bar on photocopies or even notarized copies of documents. Even a receipt showing you applied for the document is not accepted.

Types of Social Security Cards

The SSA typically issues three types of Social Security cards. All cards display the name of an individual and their Social Security number. 

SSN Processing Timelines

Once you have filled out your form and completed the documentation, you will receive a receipt that confirms that you have applied for a Social Security number. 

There are three types of receipts:

Type 1: The application has been accepted and will take 10 to 14 business days to process.

Type 2: The application is being processed and will take 11 days to 3 months to process.

Type 3: The application has been rejected.

In the first two cases, you can start working with your employer right away by providing a copy of the receipt to them. The SSN card is generally received within 2 weeks after your application has been processed.

This includes verifying your immigration document with the USCIS (United States Citizenship and Immigration Services).

Finally, once you do receive your SSN card, make sure that you treat it with the utmost care. To minimize the risk of fraud, you have to keep your SSN private, as it can be used to access sensitive private information such as tax information and your bank account details.

‍Note: This article was published on 14th May 2021. Due to the changes currently taking place on a global scale, the information provided in this post might be considered outdated at a later stage. With this in mind, we sincerely recommend reviewing the documentation provided by the Social Security Administration for the latest information.